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Sago-palm,
Cycas revoluta
Petiole subtetragonal in cross section, 10-20cm, 6-18 spines along each side, per Flora of China.
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Rice Cutgrass,
Leersia oryzoides
Leaf margins & sheaths armed with minute spines which can scratch severely, per How to Know the Grasses: Pictured Key Nature Series (Pohl, 1954).
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Dune Sandbur,
Cenchrus tribuloides
Involucre of spines fused into a bur; spines 4-8mm long, spikelets concealed, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Dune Sandbur,
Cenchrus tribuloides
Spines can puncture exposed skin, backward-pointing barbs painful to remove, per Guide to the Wildflowers of SC, 1st ed. (Porcher & Rayner, 2001).
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Coastal Sandspur,
Cenchrus spinifex
Involucre of spines fused into a bur; spines stout, 2-5mm long, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Northern Sandspur,
Cenchrus longispinus
Involucre of spines fused into a bur; spines slender, 3.5-7mm long, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Saw Palmetto,
Serenoa repens
The petiole is armed with stiff spines, per Trees of the Southeastern United States (Duncan & Duncan, 1988).
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Needle Palm,
Rhapidophyllum hystrix
Sharp spines project from petiole base, from stolons, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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Pindo Palm,
Butia odorata
The petioles are armed with curved spines (vs. those of Cocos unarmed), per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Coconut Palm,
Cocos nucifera
Petiole unarmed (vs. that of Butia and Phoenix with petiolar spines), per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Common Chinquapin,
Castanea pumila
Fruit husk spines and leaf petioles are usually less than 1cm long, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Osage-orange,
Maclura pomifera
Leaf scars alternate; terminal bud lacking; spines or spur shoots present.
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Spiny Amaranth,
Amaranthus spinosus
Stems with paired nodal spines, per Weakley's Flora (2012).
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American Barberry,
Berberis canadensis
Spines mostly trifurcate, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Japanese Barberry,
Berberis thunbergii
Single spines emerge from the point where leaf and branch join, per Invasive Plants, Guide to Identification, Impacts and Control (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2007).
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Japanese Barberry,
Berberis thunbergii
Spines mostly unbranched, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Evergreen Barberry,
Berberis julianae
Spines 3-fid, per Flora of China.
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European Barberry,
Berberis vulgaris
Leaf margins finely serrate, each w (8)16-30 teeth tipped w spines or bristles, per Flora of North America.
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European Barberry,
Berberis vulgaris
Spines present, simple or 3-fid, per Flora of North America.
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European Barberry,
Berberis vulgaris
Inner bark is yellow; spines mostly branched, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Cleome,
Tarenaya species 1
Leaves: stipular spines 1-3mm; petiole 2.5-7.5cm, glandular-pubescent, with scattered spines 1-3mm, per Flora of North America.
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Roundleaf Gooseberry,
Ribes rotundifolium
Internodes usually glabrous, nodal spines 3-8mm or absent. Petioles puberulent, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Miccosukee Gooseberry,
Ribes echinellum
Nodal spines 0.5-1.5cm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Prickly Gooseberry,
Ribes cynosbati
Glandular hairs on ovary become stiff spines on mature fruit; stamens 1-2mm, per Weakley's Flora (2012).
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Northern Witch-hazel,
Hamamelis virginiana var. virginiana
Often mistaken for fruit capsules are these aphid galls with long spines, per Field Biology in Southeastern Ohio blog spot.
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Oneflower Hawthorn,
Crataegus uniflora
Its needlelike spines are more apt to be felt than seen, per Haws: A Guide to Hawthorns of the Southeastern US (Lance, 2014).
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Spotted Medick,
Medicago arabica
Legume spirally coiled with a double row of curved spines 2-3mm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Spotted Medick,
Medicago arabica
Seed pods spirally twisted and covered with spines, per Weeds of Southern Turfgrasses (Murphy et al., 1992).
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Black Locust,
Robinia pseudoacacia
Spines often present, per Woody Plants of the Blue Ridge (Lance).
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Boynton's Locust,
Robinia hispida var. rosea
Stipular spines short or lacking, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Kelsey's Locust,
Robinia hispida var. kelseyi
Stipular spines slender and weak, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Kelsey's Locust,
Robinia hispida var. kelseyi
Extrafloral nectaries can be found near Robinia's stipular spines, per Many Plants Have Extrafloral Nectaries Helpful to Beneficials (Mizell, 2001).
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Kelsey's Locust,
Robinia hispida var. kelseyi
Stipular spines slender, usually present (vs. short or lacking in var. rosea), per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Jamaica Feverplant,
Tribulus cistoides
Flowers about 1" wide. Fruit 5/8" wide, hard and armed with 4 stout spines, per Everglades Wildflowers (Hammer, 2002, 2015).
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Southern Toothache Tree,
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis
On larger branches and trunks, the spines become elevated on corky bases, per Weakley's Flora (2012).
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Trifoliate Orange,
Citrus trifoliata
Seems to be made up almost entirely of "thorns" (actually, stipular spines), per Weakley's Flora.
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Chinese Holly,
Ilex cornuta
Leaves with 3 strong spines at apex, up to 9 overall, lethal to work around, per Manual of Woody Landscape Plants (Dirr, 1975+).
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Eastern Prickly-pear,
Opuntia mesacantha ssp. mesacantha
Fruit a shiny reddish-brown berry, edible after tiny spines are removed, per All About South Carolina Wildflowers (Midgley, 1999).
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Eastern Prickly-pear,
Opuntia mesacantha ssp. mesacantha
The tiny leaves below the clumps of hairlike spines (glochids) fall early, per All About South Carolina Wildflowers (Midgley, 1999).
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Eastern Prickly-pear,
Opuntia mesacantha ssp. mesacantha
Spines 2-3" long may or may not be present among the smaller hairy barbs, per All About South Carolina Wildflowers (Midgley, 1999).
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Dune Prickly-pear,
Opuntia drummondii
Clusters of hairlike spines are scattered with or without sharp 2-4" spines, per Guide to the Wildflowers of SC, 1st ed. (Porcher & Rayner, 2001).
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Coastal Prickly-pear,
Opuntia stricta var. dillenii
Spines 0-11 per areole, generally curved and spreading from the areole margins, per Weakley's Flora.
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Coastal Prickly-pear,
Opuntia stricta var. stricta
Spines mostly 0-3 per areole & straight [vs. var. dillenii 0-11 & curved], per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Sea Holly,
Eryngium maritimum
Leaves thickly coriaceous, palmately lobed and tipped with stout spines, per Weakley's Flora.
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Buckthorn Bumelia,
Sideroxylon lycioides
May be armed with spines at the nodes, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Carolina Spinypod,
Matelea carolinensis
The surface of the follicle is roughened by pointed spines, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Waterpod,
Hydrolea quadrivalvis
Flowers borne from leaf axils, some of which bear sharp spines, per Atlantic Coastal Plain Wildflowers (Nelson, 2006).
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Tropical Soda-apple,
Solanum viarum
Leaf veins and stem covered with 0.5-1" long spines, per Invasive Plants, Guide to Identification, Impacts and Control (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2007).
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Bull Thistle,
Cirsium vulgare
Involucres 1.0"-1.5" tall, bracts all have distinct yellowish spines, per Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians (Horn, Cathcart, Hemmerly, & Duhl, 2005).
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Virginia Thistle,
Cirsium virginianum
Each head is about 2.5cm across, the bracts tight and with short spines, per Wildflowers of the Sandhills Region (Sorrie, 2011).
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Carolina Thistle,
Cirsium carolinianum
Involucres 0.6-0.8" high, bracts appressed, only outer with short spines, per Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians (Horn, Cathcart, Hemmerly, & Duhl, 2005).
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Swamp Thistle,
Cirsium muticum
Involucres 0.8-1.4" with sticky hairy bracts that usually don't have spines, per Wildflowers of Tennessee (Carman, 2005).
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Blessed Milk-thistle,
Silybum marianum
Leaf blades pinnately lobed and spinescent on and near the margins, per Manual of the Southeastern Flora (JK Small, 1933).
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Lesser Burdock,
Arctium minus
Involucres globose, their bracts terminating in long sharply hooked spines, per Wildflowers of the Southern Mountains (Smith, 1998).
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Smooth Coneflower,
Echinacea laevigata
The seed platform is conical and has sharp black spines, per All About South Carolina Wildflowers (Midgley, 1999).